However, with volumes of visitors increasing rapidly, issues have been raised about whether its ethical to visit the tribes and what consequences it bears for the preservation of the native lifestyles and traditions. The penultimate paper, Espeso-Molinero etal. The next author's long experience and strong publication record will be familiar to researchers of Indigenous research issues. Source: This is particularly worrying as any attempt to contact such tribe may have grave consequences a simple cold (their immunity differs from Western) could put an entire tribe in danger. Indigenous tourism, also known asethnicortribaltourism, has been a particularly fast growing trend. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. . They may have common origins other than kinship, such as nationality or socially shared individual constructions of their ethnic identity (Stone, Citation2003). This website uses cookies to improve your experience. They also thank the reviewers who devoted their time and expertise, as well as the many other researchers in the field who submitted inspiring and thought-provoking research, yet unfortunately could not be contained within this volume. Mkono (Citation2016) utilizes netnography to explore how Indigenous businesses can harness the internet as the increasingly dominating trend towards online marketing enables international engagement with the marketing of tourism products. The challenge for tourism and culture is to Expand 1 A means end approach to domestic lead tourism marketing in emerging tourism destinations Estone Musakabantu Muyobo, E. Fragouli Business Tensions and issues around Indigenous and social sustainability were unearthed, with various Indigenous and visitor viewpoints expressed, but overall the Spirit Festival was found to provide a platform for the positive visibility of Indigenous Australians and to demonstrate their value as holders of culture, knowledge and spirit. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. They aim to help them stay independent and maintain their uniqueness all while making it possible for tourists to experience and understand their culture. Often they have even neglected their farming traditions and unemployment rates among them can be as high as 90%. Hillmer-Pegram's (Citation2016) paper explores tourism impacts (particularly the burgeoning cruise tourism sector), on the values of the Indigenous Iupiat people of Barrow, Alaska. Over 65 abstracts were submitted in the initial call for papers, the outcome of which is this double special issue, with 16 published papers presenting relevant, insightful research to an international audience of scholars, students, tourism practitioners and hopefully, community members in areas frequented by tourism activities. In Australia, for example, indigenous tourism is a way for non-indigenous Aussies to hear aboutAboriginal and Torres Strait Islanderways of life. Beach hotels have displaced the fishing communities that once lined the coasts of Penang, Malaysia and Phuket, Thailand. Pereiro's (Citation2016) ethnographic fieldwork offers insights into Latin American Indigenous communities with lessons from a specific case study on the Guna sustainable tourism model. Even if tourists behave responsibly, the sheer number of them can cause harm. Each room booked contributes to travel scholarships. The initial papers in the special issue synthesize and review common issues in Indigenous tourism research (Whitford & Ruhanen, Citation2016) and provide international case studies with implications for best practice (Fletcher, Pforr, & Brueckner, Citation2016; Pereiro, Citation2016; Reggers, Grabowski, Wearing, Chatterton, & Schweinsberg, Citation2016; Whitney-Squire, Citation2016). listeners: [], Indigenous tourism also needs alternative approaches to practice, aims and issues such as business ownership, governance, and capacity building issues exemplified by the ideas and issues raised by Higgins-Desbiolles (Citation2016), Hillmer-Pegram (Citation2016) and Pereiro (Citation2016). This Journal of Sustainable Tourism (JOST) special issue explores the interrelationships between sustainable tourism development and Indigenous peoples. Additionally, several contributors have explored new innovative opportunities to strengthen cultural identity by Indigenous control of the representation, branding or images presented in online marketing (Mkono, Citation2016; Seiver & Matthews, Citation2016). The guest editors wish to thank the authors who have contributed to this special double issue on sustainable tourism and Indigenous peoples. Their sincerest thanks and gratitude, however, must go to the champion of this special issue, Professor Bernard Lane, who has worked tirelessly behind the scenes. This will have a wider impact and could reduce global . The final four papers explore issues around product design, innovation and development. Keith Hollinshead (2019) refers to it as tourism world-making, or the way in which a place or culture is marketed and/or presented to tourists. Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. Despite the efforts, the culture divide between Aboriginal peoples and non-Indigenous Australians is not easy to bridge. The negotiation of western-Indigenous differences were included in the models, though western time frames dominated despite the collaborative and Indigenous informed research process. It also offers Cultural Awareness Training that enhances and inspires participants knowledge and encourages participants to challenge their personal values and attitudes to promote a better understanding of Aboriginal Australia. } One of the major tourist attractions in the country Uluru, or Ayers Rock, in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, is a case in point. Some of these Indian pottery pieces are re-creations of their ancestors archaeological objects the government provides them with photographs of the original artifacts from the national museum collections. The research explores a capacity building initiative utilizing participatory action research where the researchers assisted four Indigenous Hack Winik companies with the development of cultural and heritage tourism products. But there is also a reverse side to that discussion. Thus by going on a tour with them, you automatically help local tribal communities. This led to the Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation developing an Indigenous informed code of conduct to guide visitor behavior. Their traditional dresses and products are on display for tourists but in reality their way of life is in a lot of cases long gone. Long debate in a nutshell governments need to act to protect indigenous communities, tour operators need to follow a code of conduct, and tourists need to be educated. These researchers explored issues around economic prosperity, tensions associated with the marketing of culture, enhancement of the socio-economic well-being of Indigenous peoples and challenges within the broader contexts of environmental, economic social and cultural sustainability when pursuing sustainable livelihoods. Aotearoa which illustrates how indigenous tourism can demonstrate a "values-filled" approach. The interdependency between Indigenous peoples economic development, cultural values and their connection to traditional lands and natural resources, is further explored in the next three papers: Koot (Citation2016), Shultis and Heffner (Citation2016) and Walker and Moscardo (Citation2016). (re)Imaging Mori tourism: Representation and cultural hybridity in postcolonial New Zealand: A critical examination of indigenous people, tourism and quality of life, A tourist's vision quest in an African game reserve, Beyond whiteness: a comparative analysis of representations of Aboriginality in tourism destination images in New South Wales, Australia, Collaborative marketing for the sustainable development of community-based tourism enterprises: voices from the field, Community-based cultural tourism: issues, threats and opportunities, Community-based ecotourism projects as living museums, Creating an Indigenized visitor code of conduct: the development of Denesoline self-determination for sustainable tourism, Domestic demand for Indigenous tourism in Australia: understanding intention to participate, Evolution of indigenous tourism among the Lacandon of Chiapas: an application of Weavers model, Factors influencing Indigenous engagement in tourism development: an international perspective, Hegemonic and emerging concepts of conservation: a critical examination of barriers to incorporating Indigenous perspectives in protected area conservation policies and practice, Identifying Business Practices Promoting Sustainability in Aboriginal Tourism Enterprises in Remote Australia, Indigenous People: Discussing the Forgotten Dimension of Dark Tourism and Battlefield Tourism, Indigenous Tourism Development in Southern Alberta, Canada: Tentative Engagement, Indigenous culture and the production of place, Indigenous ecotourism: sustainable development and management, Indigenous participation in conservation and tourism development: A case of native people of Sabah, Malaysia, Indigenous residents perceptions towards tourism development: a case of Sabah, Malaysia, Indigenous tourism development in the arctic, Indigenous tourism governance in Taiwan viewed through network perspectives. Photography by Gabriela Sijer and Unsplash, Confused by the difference between responsible travel, sustainable and eco-tourism? Walker and Moscardo (Citation2016) present findings about the tour guiding aspirations of traditional Indigenous owners from Stanley Island (North-East Australia). Their culture suffers and they dont have time for their traditional life and costumes. The authors progress the idea of integrating indigeneist ways of thinking and managing conservation by proposing a pyramid of change, where traditional western discourses and ways of doing can progress with Indigenous control of parks or new approaches such as bio-cultural conservation. These days you dont have to look far for crafty tour companies and travel agencies offering tribal visits where busloads of foreigners are driven to visit native people in their reservations or villages. It's not just the wildlife that benefits from ecotourism The local economy does too. Moreover, non-Indigenous inhabitants have usually been associated with Western societies originating from within European cultural and values systems (Tuhiwai Smith, Citation1999, Citation2012) whereas the Indigenous are pre-existing peoples at a time of colonization (Goehring, 1993, p. 4). Additionally, flora and fauna can decrease in areas or change their growth and migration patterns when there is an overflow of humans interact. The paper describes how information and narratives from workshops and interviews enabled an Indigenized visitor code of conduct to safeguard unique Indigenous values in sensitive environments. The research methodology also follows the approach used by Holmes etal. Settler-colonial states such as . So many key issues are involved. Discussions include (among other things), the capacity of Indigenous tourism to nurture cultural arts, language revitalization and traditions (countering and enabling an escape from a victim narrative). The researchers present a systematized approach for describing visitor's preferences and awareness of the available products including the influence of beliefs, desires and valuing of culture, enabling factors and causal history that affect visitor demand and participation in Indigenous tourism. And there are some major disadvantages of tourism in this area. Tourism is also a major influence in how we see and understand the world. Several papers were longitudinal ethnographic studies spanning many years (Fletcher etal., Citation2016; Holmes etal., Citation2016; Pereiro, Citation2016; Reggers etal., Citation2016) whilst others were conducted as more focused analyses of products and visitor markets (Abascal, Fluker, & Jiang, Citation2016; Espeso-Molinero etal., Citation2016; Higgins-Desbiolles, Citation2016). All parts of its vast value-chain have been affected. The paper by Chan etal. Viewing Australia through the eyes of a First Australian tour guide provides a new dimension of experience and understanding. Such might be the case of the long-neck Padaung (Karen) tribe near Chiang Mai in Northern Thailand, part of whats known as Thai Hill Tribes. Other contributions to the special issue include discursive papers which seek to engage readers to think deeply about theoretical and practical issues facing Indigenous communities and many of the papers provide solutions for Indigenous tourism planning, for instance by testing methodologies for collaborative research with Indigenous communities. Additionally, it examines the complex and continually evolving relationship between Indigenous tourism and the concepts and practices of sustainable tourism, before reviewing the 16 other papers in this special issue. All the papers are intertwined by a history of academic research on the topic and there is a recurrence of references to foundational tourism studies that have informed the papers literature reviews, demonstrating the value of those early critical studies. Ideally, the villagersshould be able to assert some degree of control over their engagement with tourism and should secure clear economical benefits from this. The paper suggests the internet is not only a cost-effective means to access the marketplace of travelers from near and afar, it also provides the opportunity for Indigenous peoples to adopt the use of social media, which then empowers those Indigenous peoples as they directly manage visitor satisfaction and brands via online communication. Indigenous tourismistourism activity in which indigenous people are directly involved either through control and/or by having their culture serve as the essence of the attraction. Informed knowledge and understanding of such issues are integral to developing sustainable Indigenous tourism communities, businesses and products, as well as sustaining natural resources, be this through economic, social, environmental, cultural or political means. Koot's South African study of the Indigenous South Kalahari Bushmen (Khomani) found colonial prejudice towards Bushmen continues despite the fact that successful tourism ventures in the region are dependent on the portrayal of the people and the Bushman image and symbolism (which) have created exchange value and are therefore linked with public relations, marketing and branding. Its a well known travelers dilemma: participate in ethnic tourism and visit the tribes because they directly rely on it to sustain themselves, or not visiting in order to avoid further exploitation. Ironically, the longer we take those visits for granted the more the sought-after authenticity vanishes, and with it precious heritage. Next Step Thailand, which offers ethnic tourism within the northernHill Tribes territory, offers such homestays and more. Thanks to Sam Jeremic for his continuous support in sharing insights based on our academic research regarding tourism and health using an interdisciplinary | 56 LinkedIn More and more land becomes privatized and indigenous people are faced with poverty and losing . Next Step Thailand, which offers ethnic tourism within the northernHill Tribes territory, offers such homestays and more. Their traditional dresses and products are on display for tourists but in reality their way of life is in a lot of cases long gone. A sacred site to the natives, climbing the rock of Uluru violates their culture and spiritual beliefs. Indeed, in many cases the alternative for locals to earn a living is typically labor-intensive agriculture or relying on the government or NGOs. (Citation2016), which utilizes site visits enabling participant observations, workshops with community leaders and stakeholder interviews, with these results triangulated with online visitor data. Academic communities, such as the readership of these JOST special issue papers, will benefit from more nuanced understandings pertaining to issues related to Indigenous cultural experiences, histories, politics, values and traditions (among others). This study assessed tourists' motivations and satisfaction in participating in authentic Mi'kmaw tourism activities in Nova Scotia, Canada, as well as the ideas, perceptions and components of sustainable cultural tourism development from the Mi'kmaw perspective. Export revenues from tourism could fall by $910 billion to $1.2 trillion in 2020. Ultimately, Indigenous scholars and tourism providers will be major contributors to, and commentators about, mainstream and niche approaches to tourism management and tourism studies, whilst communities gain visibility not just as the visited Other, but as global leaders within tourism and related sectors. The first key observation from the special issue is that tourism is only one tool to realize sustainable Indigenous (and also community) development, including Indigenous control over resources. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Finally, we have long-term aspirations that research by, or in collaboration with, Indigenous researchers appear more frequently in publications. This paper is written by the special issue's guest editors who, collectively, have over 50 years of experience in leading theoretical and applied Indigenous tourism Sales of the Guaitils pottery have become the economic base for supporting the entire community. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Geographically, thematically and theoretically, the papers adopt different perspectives and as each Indigenous group's circumstance is culturally laden and influenced by their political and social histories, there is no one story, no one fix and no easy solutions for many of the negative circumstances facing Indigenous peoples or communities. Indeed, in many cases the alternative for locals to earn a living is typically labor-intensive agriculture or relying on the government or NGOs, but as we can see the dilemma is not all that black and white. They identify trends in the research themes, noting a distinct trend in research addressing Indigenous tourism in the context of sustainable tourism and development. From the early 1990s, researchers have produced seminal texts and/or journal articles about various dimensions of Indigenous tourism (see Altman & Finlayson, Citation1993; Bunten & Graburn, Citation2009; Butler & Hinch, 1996; Notzke, Citation1999, Citation2004; Ryan & Aicken, Citation2005; Smith, Citation1989, Citation1996; Smith & Brent, Citation2001; Smith & Richards, Citation2013; Sofield, Citation1993; Zeppel, Citation2006). window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || { Sales of the Guaitils pottery have become the economic base for supporting the entire community. The paper further contributes a discussion on parks as leisure landscapes (rather than living, working places) and culture/nature dualism by reflecting on four years of community participant observations in Tombstone Territorial Park, a co-managed protected area established as part of the Tr'ondk Hwch'in Final Agreement. Ethical andresponsible tour companiesdo exist. The future role of Indigenous peoples in the management of outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in protected areas is the focus and they examine the barriers to conservation discourses that enable meaningful engagement by Indigenous peoples. Unfortunately, in practice often very little of the tourism dollars remain in the villages. A huge disadvantage to tourism in some countries is that when the tourism industry is doing well, the country neglects to build upon its other sectors. They advocate the need for a new approach to the interpretation of place values by considering Indigenous community values throughout interpretive planning. The country will pump all of its major resources into building the tourism industry, thus leaving other sectors to diminish. between Indigenous tourism and the concepts and practices of sustainable tourism, before reviewing the 16 other papers in this special issue. Several of the research team were Lacandon and the authors present an Indigenous tourism product design (ITPD) model to conceptualize the stages of a planning process which would enable both western and traditional Indigenous dialogues within the planning timeframe. Subscribe to get our latest content by email. So much so thatits nearly impossible to meet authentic Padaung peoplewho are adorning their necks with metal rings because their ancestors did so, not just because they know theyll profit from it. This study shows that the impacts arising from irresponsible and ignorant visitor behavior have been a key challenge for Indigenous communities. Their Share the Dreaminitiative is designed to help local villagers lead better lives. Fortunately the approach has been successful and the number of people climbing Uluru has been steadily declining. The paper's findings highlighted the divergence between tourism and Iupiaq values, including how the influence of non-Indigenous, non-local tourism operators within the community can lead to conflicts between tourism activities in spaces where traditional subsistence practices are enacted. Ethical and responsible tour companies do exist. Additionally, the theoretical contribution of the paper lies in its depiction of how a radical political economy approach, within an Indigenous (nature based) tourism context, can be drawn upon to further sustainable tourism studies. Moreover, many of the rights in the Declaration underpin issues discussed in the special issue papers, including the rights to lands and territories (Articles 10 and 25), the use and revitalization of languages or recognition of place names (Article 13), involvement in decision-making processes (Article 18), involvement in development and employment opportunities (Articles 20, 21) and most significantly, the numerous Articles advocating Indigenous rights to lands, territories and natural or cultural resources and those which advocate cultural heritage traditions and revitalization (Article 11.1) and (Article 31.1). For instance, anthropologists and sociologists were amongst the earliest academics to explore a range of theoretical dimensions of Indigenous cultures such as identity, empowerment and authenticity. Within academic texts, the use of the terms Indigenous and non-Indigenous have thus been regularly used to describe the difference between the original inhabitants of a landscape and those people who are not the original inhabitants. The Guardian estimates that there are about 100 indigenous tribes that have chosen to live in complete isolation around the world. The influx of tourists has also allowed for traditionaltribal arts and handicraftsto flourish, which often means an additional or the only source of income for the community. Ethnic communities may be migrant and thus not Indigenous per se. Indigenous tourismistourism activity in which indigenous people are directly involved either through control and/or by having their culture serve as the essence of the attraction. The climb is not prohibited. There has been growing evidence that the tribes are beingexploitedby those so-called tour operators looking for quick and easy profit. The now often contested value of CBT (Salazar, Citation2012) may also have much to learn from research into Indigenous tourism, moving CBT studies on to a new geographical basis, of multiple communities brought together by their Indigenous populations. They too draw on research that is geographically situated in a North American context. As with Hillmer-Pegram's earlier paper, expedition cruises frequent the area and the community also had opportunities to transform visitors values and perceptions of the island's place images. These homestays are usually pretty rough by western standards, so be prepared for that, but also for a true cultural immersion and quite likely an experience of a lifetime. Other risks include flooded sacred sites, eroded and exposed burial sites, reduced crops, fewer fish, king tides, and ocean acidification and its effects on coral reefs and fish. The increase in ethnic tourism has been enormous. Similar to Shultis and Heffner's paper, Walker and Moscardo conclude that interpretation planning has been dominated by western approaches that exclude Indigenous values. Whitney-Squire examined related issues of empowerment and product development, self-identification and cultural integrity, not only with the Haida but also with the Mori people of New Zealand and Hawaiians of Hawaii. The intricate hand-made masks of Costa Rican Boruca people, for example, have gained international fame and facilitated not only economic self-reliance of the village, but also the preservation of the craft. So much so that it's nearly impossible to meet "authentic" Padaung people who are adorning their necks with metal rings because their ancestors did so, not just because they know they'll profit from it. Travelers who wish to participate in some form of tribal tourism (other than involving uncontacted tribes thats invariably highly discouraged) need to inform themselves on the tribe they wish to visit and make sure that any payments go directly to benefiting the indigenous people. (Citation2016). Not sure what makes a, Nature and outdoors lovers are spoilt for choice in the US Pacific Northwest. Central to that research is the need to broaden the concept of sustainable tourism away from its western developed-world roots to embrace other scenarios, not least to maintain variety and alternatives in a globalizing world. Over the past decade, adventure travel has shifted from being less about adrenaline and more about learning and transformation. The authors examined entrepreneurial activities at the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces UNESCO World Heritage Site in China. Arguably there is substantial overlap when considering cultural and/or community-based tourism (CBT), as many of the concerns facing Indigenous peoples stem from shared human values, experiences and realities affecting communities worldwide.